Which theory posits that behavior is driven by an optimal arousal level?

• A. Motivation
• B. Drive-Reduction Theory
• C. Arousal Theory
• D. Instincts

Answer: (C)

Arousal theory says behavior is driven by an optimal level of arousal. People are motivated to reach and maintain a comfortable amount of alertness: if arousal is too low, they seek stimulation to wake up; if arousal is too high, they look for ways to calm down. This idea is captured by the idea that performance is best at moderate arousal—too little leads to boredom and inattention, too much leads to anxiety and mistakes. The theory contrasts with drive-reduction, which centers on restoring a physiological deficit, and with instincts, which are inherited patterns of behavior. Motivation in general is broad, but arousal theory focuses specifically on balancing arousal to optimize both motivation and performance.