Which tendency describes thinking of things only by their usual functions, hindering problem solving?

• A. Framing
• B. Instinct Theory
• C. Functional Fixedness
• D. Arousal Theory

Answer: (C)

Functional fixedness is a thinking bias that limits problem solving by focusing on objects only for their usual functions. When you’re trying to solve a problem, this mindset can stop you from seeing novel uses for common items, which is often what you need to find a solution. A classic example is the candle problem: with a candle, a box of tacks, and a wall, the solution requires using the box as a shelf to hold the candle rather than just as a container for tacks. That shift in perspective—seeing the box as something other than a container—unlocks the path to the solution.

Other concepts describe different ideas. Framing concerns how presenting information changes choices. Instinct Theory relates to innate drives guiding behavior. Arousal Theory deals with how different levels of alertness affect performance. None of these explain the specific tendency to view objects only by their usual function as clearly as functional fixedness does.