Which phenomenon refers to the concern that one's performance will confirm a negative stereotype about one's group?

• A. Stereotype threat
• B. Self-fulfilling prophecy
• C. Halo effect
• D. Confirmation bias

Answer: (A)

Stereotype threat is when someone worries that their performance on a task will confirm a negative stereotype about their group. That worry creates anxiety and splits attention, which uses up cognitive resources like working memory and focus just as the task is demanding. The result is a higher chance of performing poorly, not because the person lacks ability, but because the pressure to disconfirm the stereotype interferes with performance. This helps explain why test results can shift for members of stigmatized groups in evaluative settings.

This differs from self-fulfilling prophecy, where expectations influence behavior in a way that brings about the expected outcome more generally, not specifically tied to fearing a stereotype about one’s group. It also isn’t about first impressions becoming biased judgments (halo effect) or about seeking information that confirms preconceptions (confirmation bias).