A mental representation of the elements in a learning situation, such as a maze, is called

• A. Modeling
• B. Insight Learning
• C. Cognitive Map
• D. Biofeedback

Answer: (C)

Cognitive maps are mental representations of the spatial layout and elements in an environment, such as a maze. This allows an agent to understand how different parts relate to one another and to plan routes, even when shortcuts or new paths become available. The idea, rooted in Tolman’s maze experiments, shows that animals can learn the structure of a space and use that knowledge to navigate flexibly, rather than merely following a trained sequence of moves. That flexibility—being able to find a way to a goal by reasoning about spatial relationships—is what sets cognitive maps apart.

Modeling involves learning by watching others, which isn’t about internal spatial layouts. Insight learning refers to a sudden realization or "aha" moment, not a stored map of the environment. Biofeedback deals with monitoring and controlling physiological processes, not spatial knowledge.